Mast Cells

Dr Sandra Kaufmann

www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKIb6p7jzCI

mast cells discovered by von Recklinghausen in 1863
mast cells are first responders
filled with 50-100 secretory granules waiting to be released
live for up to 3 years
can rebuild their granules so it's not a dump and die situation
mast cells can trigger skin tingling
pros of mast cells:
  regulate vascular system
  regulate immune system
  respond to bacterial and parasite infections
  venom detoxification
  destroy damaged tissue for remodeling
  bone mineralization
proteases are the most damaging secretions (like type I and type III collagen)
  chymases increase AGEs
20 subtypes of AGEs
histamine receptors:
  H1 allergies
  H2 stomach acid increase
  H3 presynaptic
  H4 
atypical mast cell activators
  systemic hypoxia
  oxidized LDL
  UV radiation
  temperature, cold causes mast cells to degranulate
  pressure
  snake venom
  stress
leptomeninges mast cell degranularization causes migraine headache
migraines can be cured with a mast cell stabilizer
afib caused by mast cell accumulation
mast cells inside vascular plaques which when rupture cause stroke or heart attacks
mast cells increase with age

Mediators

preformed mediators
  histamine
  proteases
  serotonin
  heparin
  proteoglycans
  TNF
lipid mediators
  leukotriene B4
  leukotriene C4
  platelet activating factor
  prostaglandin D2
  prostaglandin E2
mediators (not a complete list)
  granzyme B
  cathepsins L, S, C, B, D, E
  matrix metalloproteinases- zinc metallo-endopeptidase MMP-9
  proteases
  lysosomal enzymes
  biogenic amines
    histamine
    serotonin
    dopamine
  cytokines
  growth factors
    stem cell factor
    basic fibroblast growth factor
    GM-CSF
    β-FGF
    NGF
    PDGF
    TGF-β
    VEGF
  kinogenases
  heparanase
  angiogenin
  active caspase-3
  serglycin
  RANTES (CCL5), eotaxin (CCL11), MCP-1 (CCL2), MCP-3 (CCL7), MCP-4
  corticotropin releasing hormone
  endorphin
  endothelin-1
  MBP
  prostaglandin D2, E2, leukotrienes B4, C4, platelet activating factor, complemenet factor C3 & C5
  nitric oxide
  COX1 & COX2
  osteopontin
  heparain

Treatments

histamine

reduce levels of produced histamine (green tea)
block histamine receptors 
  H1: Claratin( but can cause arythmias and get a tolerance to it so not good for chronic use)
  H2: Pepcid AC (not good for chronic use)
increase histamine metabolism
  DAO (vitamin C is a cofactor)
  HNMT

endogenous mast cell inhibition

heparin
chondroitin sulphate (very good, helps with joins because it's a mast cell stabilizer)
spermine
progesertone
testosterone
corticosterone
2-arachidonoyl glycerol
DHEA
SIRT6
NAD precursors
last 3 preferred by Sandra

best natural mast cell stabilizers

quercetin (for men)
luteolin (for women)
methlut

natural mast cell stabilizers

vitamin E
vitamin B
Hesperidin
Naringenin
fisetin
kaempferol
genistein
curcumin
monomethylcurcumin
bisdemethoxycurcumin
salvinorin A
aloe-emodin
paeoniflorin
isoliquiritigenin
resveratrol
piceatannol
micronized PEA (blocks receptors on mast cells)

pharmaceutical mast cell stabilizers

cromolyn (asthma inhaler)
pemirolast
ketotifen (also H1 blocker)
  takes 6-8 weeks & helps you sleep
statins