Copper

average cell has 200 mitochondria
liver cells have 2000 mitochondria
kidney cells have 4000 mitochondria
heart cells have 10k mitochondria
mature egg has 600k mitochondria
neurons have 2M mitochondria
100 mg copper in blood
5000 mg iron in blood
spinach now has iron, not copper
no copper in GMO
photosynthesis has 3 enzymes
  photosystem2
  photosystem1
  plastocyanin (requires copper) moves electrons from PS2 to PS1 to allow oxygen to be released
    derived from primordial algae
8 plastocyanins in ceruloplasmin
thousands of different multi copper oxidases in our gut
melatonin     is the master antioxidant in mitochondria (mitochondrial)
glutathione   is the master antioxidant in the cell (cellular)
ceruloplasmin is the master antioxidant in the body (interstitial)
all 3 require copper
cholesterol is an oxygen sink
high cholesterol is a function of copper deficiency (known since 1973)
myocarditis is impossible with enough copper
fat burning enzymes require copper
fermentation makes   2 ATP
sugar burning makes 36 ATP
fat burning makes  140 ATP
That Sugar Film movie from 2015
insulin increases iron uptake in fat cells
high blood sugar causes ceruloplasmin to break down and release copper
book: Good Calories Bad Calories - Gary Taubes
it now takes twice as much insulin to metabolize glucose as it did 30 years ago
  due to glyphosate (Round Up) chelates minerals like copper which was introduced 30 years ago
5 events that occur with metabolic syndrome
hypertension
hyperclycemia
hyperlipidemia
hyperuricemia
hyperinsulinemia
all 5 are copper deficiency
kreb cycle strips off deuterium
kreb cycle is copper and magnesium dependent
electron transport chain requires copper
deuterium is made in the mitochondria from a rise in hydrogen peroxide
mitochondria is like a 2 stroke engine
turn oxygen into water (requires copper)
stroke 1: oxygen into hydrogen peroxide
stroke 2: hydrogen peroxide into water
16 glycine hold copper in the 8 plastocyanin centers
don't take zinc supplements
don't take calcium
don't take ascorbic acid
don't take 1-a-day
high vitamin D blocks vitamin A
B9 is copper dependent
no clinical benefit of having storage D above 21 ng/dL
active D vs storage D
storage D made in liver
active D made in kidney and extrarenally in macrophages
max active D is 75 pg/dL
Kenny Vermaleer - Netherlands endocrinologist
disease starts with energy deficiency which creates oxidative stress
  oxygen turned into an oxidant (ROS) instead of water, triggering an immune response which leads to metabolic dysfunction
top diseases:
  heart
  cancer
  dementia
copper deficiency as the cause for dementia
low testosterone caused by dysregulation iron physiology
low testosterone caused by increase in estrogen by aromatase (due to too much iron)
we accumulate iron 1 mg per day, but we're designed for 5 mg
Phlebotomy (bloodletting) to reduce oxidative stress
32k conditions in Merck manual. Every one starts with lack of cellular energy
hormones are signalling peptides
smallest hormone is oxytocin (9 amino acids), activated by pam enzyme (depends on copper) turns on 4700 signalling peptides
to understand the body you need to understand pam enzyme and ceruloplasmin